Health Insurance for Retirees Under 65: How to Cope Until Medicare Kicks In

If you’re planning to retire early, you might be wondering what you’ll do for health insurance coverage. Medicare won’t kick in until you turn 65, and the rising cost of healthcare each year could translate to unknown monthly premiums and out of pocket costs. This leaves you in a precarious situation if you don’t have another form of benefits.

Fortunately, the Affordable Care Act includes several rules designed to limit your costs. For example, insurance companies may charge a 64 year old premiums of no more than three times those of a 21 year old. The ACA also outlaws rejecting applications or charging more for preexisting conditions, and limits out of pocket costs to $6700 per year.

I’m not taking a stance on Obamacare here, but if you’re looking to retire early the road to health coverage is easier now than it was a few years back. But despite the improvements, a major illness or injury could still take a big chunk out of your retirement savings. And as you probably know, the worst possible time to deplete your nest egg is immediately after you stop working.

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Sequence of Returns: The Biggest Risk to Financial Independence & Successful Retirement

When you think about your retirement & financial independence, what keeps you up at night? Is it the possibility that a market crash depletes your nest egg? Is it inflation? What about the cost of health care, or living too long and running out of money?

These are all common concerns I hear from people approaching their leap into financial independence.

Every now and then someone will ask me what they should be concerned about. “What would you be concerned about if you were in my shoes? What are my biggest risks?”

Average Returns & Volatility

Most of us approach retirement planning with expectations about the average returns we’ll see throughout retirement. You’ve probably heard (maybe even from me) that the S&P 500 averages between 7.5% and 9% in annual returns – depending on the exact data set and who you talk to. Over a 30+ year retirement, if we were to invest only in the S&P 500, we could expect an average annual return between 7.5% and 9%. I’m confident this is true, based on the last 150 or so years of historical data in the financial markets.

As you know, this doesn’t mean that the stock market will gain 7.5% each and every year. There will be years like 2001 and 2009 where the market falls 25%-30%. There will also be years where it gains 25% or more. The markets are volatile. But on average, the S&P 500 will see somewhere between 7.5% and 9% returns per year.

One of the statistical measures of volatility is called standard deviation, which is used to measure just how volatile a data set is around an average. Since 1926, the standard deviation of the S&P 500 is about 18.5%.

Now, the image below is something you’ve seen before. It’s a bell curve based on a normal distribution. The simple explanation of a a normal distribution is that the results occur randomly around the mean. In a normal distribution:

68.2% of the results will fall within one standard deviation of the mean
95.4% of the results will fall within two standard deviations of the mean
99.6% of the results will fall within three standard deviations of the mean
99.8% of the results will fall within four standard deviations of the mean

What does this mean for the S&P 500? If the S&P 500 is normally distributed and resembles a typical bell curve, annual returns will fall between:

-11% and 26.5% 68.2% of the time (7.5% – 18.5% & 7.5% + 18.5%)
-29.5% and 45% 95.4% of the time
-48% and 63.5% 99.6% of the time

I should note that many have argued the returns of the S&P 500 are not normally distributed, including William Egan and Nassim Nicholas Taleb. And for the most part I don’t disagree with them. This argument is beside the point of this post though, so for this discussion and the following examples we’ll assume a normal distribution fits the S&P 500 just fine.

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The 17 Biggest Retirement Mistakes

I’m guessing that over the years you’ve read at least 1000 posts, articles, and ebooks on what to do before you retire. Good retirement checklists are about a dime a dozen in the online world. And even though most of them contain great information, you probably don’t need to review the same to-do’s for the umpteenth time.

So in this post I’ll spare you from a list of regurgitated tips you’ve seen before. Instead, here’s a list of the 17 biggest retirement mistakes I see in my practice. If you can avoid these issues after you stop working, you’ll be in much better shape than most retirees.

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6 Ways to Minimize Required Minimum Distributions

There’s a plethora of tax advantaged retirement accounts out there today. Enough that the acronyms and numbers can get really confusing…

IRA
401k
403b
457
Profit sharing
SEP IRA
SIMPLE IRA

Just to name a few – trust me, there are more. The reason? The government wants us to save for our own retirement. And by offering an array of tax advantaged accounts, they’re incentivizing us to put money away.

But while the tax advantages are great, the government won’t let us shelter our money from taxes forever. When you turn 70 1/2, they’ll force you start taking withdrawals called required minimum distributions, or RMDs. If you don’t you’ll be subject to a hefty 50% penalty.

This poses quite a problem for many retirees, since each withdrawal raises their tax liability for the year. So for those of you who want to keep Uncle Sam’s grimy mitts off of your hard earned retirement funds, here are six ways to minimize your RMDs:

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401k RMD Rules: A Comprehensive Guide

You’re probably familiar with the term “required minimum distributions” (or RMDs for short). They’re the systematic withdrawals that the IRS makes you take out of an IRA after you turn 70 1/2. But what about for 401k and other qualified retirement plans? What are the 401k RMD rules?

While they largely resemble IRA RMD rules, 401k plans have a few subtle but important differences. And since many people these days are staying at their jobs beyond 70 1/2, it’s a situation that more and more people find themselves in.

To help you navigate the waters, here’s a comprehensive guide to 401k RMD rules, which also applies to 403b, 457, and other qualified plans.

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Active vs Passive Investing: The Debate Continues

Active vs passive investing. The debate over which is strategy is superior has raged on for what seems like an eternity. And even though passive investing, or indexing, has become so popular of late, millions of investors still prefer a skillful active manager over a robotic index fund.

Whichever side of the argument you fall on, you have a decision to make when it comes to managing your portfolio. Here’s some background on both strategies, and a summary of some mainstream research on the topic. If you can put this research to use, you’ll be far better off than most investors.

Active vs Passive Investing

Indexing

When you think of the term “stock market,” what comes to mind? Most people visualize walls of computer monitors, people yelling into phones and running around frantically, and papers being thrown in the air. But as you know, the actual market is just the place where securities are traded every day. And today it’s largely run by computers across several semi-quiet trading floors in New York.

But what does it mean when we say the market is up or down 50 points? Rather than track the trades of every single stock trade (there are millions, by the way), it’s far easier to create a proxy, or index. Simply put, an index is a group of securities used to represent a specific portion of the market.

The most prolific index is the S&P 500, which represents large cap stocks in the United States. As you know, there are a ton of large publicly traded companies in the U.S. – far more than 500. To represent the performance of the entire group, the S&P 500 takes the largest 500 of them based on market capitalization (number of shares in existence times the market price of each share).

There are thousands of different indexes out there beyond the S&P 500. Some are built to track specific asset classes, while some are used to track sectors or investment styles. For example, in addition to the S&P 500, Standard and Poor’s has an index that tracks just the technology sector in the U.S., and another that tracks large cap value stocks in the U.S.

Passive Management

As you probably know, indexing is an investment strategy. The objective is to invest in an entire asset class by purchasing every single security in the index. If you wanted to invest in large cap U.S. stocks, you could select an index like the S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average and buy an equal number of shares of each stock in the index.

Logistically, it’s far more cost effective to buy index funds than it is to buy every security. But the strategy is the same. In both formats, your portfolio is invested without preference to individual securities. This broad based, diversified investment strategy is known as passive management.

Active Management

As you also know, many MANY investors prefer to pick individual securities. Rather than invest in every security in an index, active managers make investment decisions on individual securities within the same universe. Their objective is to invest in the stocks that will outperform the index, and avoid the stocks that won’t.

In other words, active managers have an opinion about the future performance of every single security in a given universe. Passive managers don’t. Instead, they buy one of each.

Hiring an active manager can be expensive. In order to develop these opinions, active managers must “grade” each security effectively. This takes a significant amount of time, resources, expertise, and skill. Far more than what’s necessary in an indexing strategy – which is why actively managed funds are more expensive than index funds.

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Fixed Annuity Pros and Cons: 10 Things You Need to Know

Annuities are incredibly popular instruments for retirement planning. They come in all shapes and sizes, and while having more options can be a good thing, it can also be very confusing. For that reason, fixed annuities are a popular way to guarantee income without wrestling with a complicated and expensive product. Even so, buying an annuity is a major decision. To help you weight both sides, here are 10 fixed annuity pros and cons:

Fixed Annuity Pros and Cons:

Pros:

1) Guaranteed Returns

Since fixed annuities pay you a set amount of interest (like a CD), your returns are guaranteed. This is very useful if you’re concerned about stock market risk as you approach retirement.

2) Guaranteed Income

This is probably the most popular feature of fixed annuities. You hand money to an insurance company via a fixed annuity, and in return the insurance company pays you consistent income for the rest of your life. Your income doesn’t fluctuate due to stock markets, interest rates, or whether your rental property is leased for the month. It’s guaranteed and reliable.

The only reason the insurance company might fail to pay this income is if they went out of business. And even though many of us are skeptical about big companies in the financial industry, insurance companies are very unlikely to go bankrupt. They are regulated by individual states, each of which requires them to keep a great deal of cash on hand to pay their liabilities (far more than bank reserve requirements). Even though fixed annuities aren’t insured by the FDIC, the likelihood that you won’t receive promised retirement income is extremely low.

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Fundamental Indexing: An Overview

Fundamental indexing, or “smart beta” is an investing buzz word you might have heard before. It’s an investment strategy similar to index investing, and was introduced about ten years ago. Since then the strategy has grown to become rather popular.

Generally, when it comes to new and popular investment strategies I run for the hills. I learned early on that “this time it’s different” are incredibly dangerous words in the investing sphere.

But even though fundamental indexing is a newer strategy, I believe it merits an allocation in a well diversified portfolio. This post will explain what fundamental indexing is and why I think you should consider using it.

Before diving into fundamental indexing, let’s take a look at where traditional indexing came from.

Indexing History

Back in the early 1900s there wasn’t much of a market for stocks. If you wanted to invest in stocks you had to buy physical certificates from someone who had them on hand. In the big metropolitan areas like New York there were plenty of people wheeling and dealing these certificates (this is how the New York Stock Exchange started). But even if you could piece together a decent selection, building a well diversified portfolio was overly difficult.

Then in the late 1920s, the first mutual funds appeared. Established by Massachusetts Investors’ Trust, investors could buy shares of a diversified investment fund managed by a professional for the first time.

The mutual fund market expanded through the 50s and 60s, and by 1970 there were nearly 250 open ended mutual funds available to investors. These 250 funds were a far easier way for most people to invest, and billions poured into them from around the globe.

They weren’t without their shortcomings though. The trouble with mutual funds was that investors were forced to put blind faith into an investment manager’s stock picking ability. The mutual fund manager may be skilled, or they may not. And since very few investors could have a face to face or phone conversation with a mutual fund manager, many were not completely sold on the idea.

Enter Index Investing

Then in 1971 Wells Fargo Bank started the first index fund. It was a novel idea. Rather than trust a stranger to manage your money, you could invest in an index fund that simply replicated a given universe of securities. S&P 500 index funds simply bought all 500 stocks in the S&P 500. All the research & analysis a mutual fund manager would undergo to pick superior securities was stripped from the equation. And since investors didn’t need to pay a mutual fund manager’s salary, index funds were far less expensive.

This was the very idea that John Bogle used to build Vanguard into a massive investment company. He believed that investors are far better off investing in an index than they are purchasing actively managed mutual funds that attempt to outperform an index.

Bogle also believed that active investment managers were unable to pick outperforming securities (and avoid underperforming securities) on a consistent basis. Those who did were simply lucky.

The Active vs. Indexing Debate

The debate between which strategy is superior is fierce, and will probably rage on for eternity. Proponents of active management contend that in the long term, skillful mutual fund managers are still able to outperform index investing. This might be because they are particularly adept at analyzing securities or the market, or because they have some other type of advantage.

Like Bogle, those arguing in favor of indexing claim that managers who outperform an index do so only by luck, and there is no mutual fund manager alive who can consistently outperform their benchmark index. Therefore it makes no sense to incur the additional cost of active management.

Over the last decade or so, the evidence has pointed toward indexing. Fewer and fewer mutual funds are outperforming their benchmarks. And along with more low cost investing options, billions of dollars have flown out of actively managed and into index funds in each of the last 10 years.

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IRA Contributions After 70.5…Can You? Should You?

Recently I had a client in his mid-60s ask me how much longer he’d be allowed to contribute to his IRA. My client was approaching retirement, but wasn’t planning on drawing from the account until he absolutely needed to.

Since he had other financial resources to draw income from his plan was to let the account grow for as long as possible, thereby delaying tax on the gains. This meant contributing the maximum amount to his account each year, and only withdrawing funds when forced to by required minimum distributions.

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5 Times a Roth 401k Conversion is a Good Idea

Roth IRAs have become one of the most popular ways to build retirement savings over the years. In fact, they’re so popular that thousands of people clamor every tax season to convert their traditional IRAs to Roth IRAs.

This conversion is one of the most popular financial planning moves, since it can reduce your tax burden and eliminates required minimum distributions (RMDs).

More recently, a new form of Roth account has emerged: Roth 401k plans. Roth 401k plans are essentially the same alternative to traditional 401k plans that Roth IRAs are to traditional IRAs. Contributions are made after tax, and gains and withdrawals are tax free.

And with Roth 401k plans on the scene, many sponsors are starting to allow their participants to convert their traditional, pretax 401k balances into Roth, after tax balances. This transition is known as a Roth 401k conversion.

Roth 401k conversions are not unlike Roth IRA conversions. The transition will create taxable income, but your assets will never leave your employer’s 401k plan.

Here’s how one might work:

Johnny has a $100,000 saved up in his employer’s 401k plan. He didn’t pay any income tax on his contributions, and they will continue to grow tax free until he starts taking withdrawals.
When he starts taking withdrawals after age 59 1/2, he’ll owe income tax on every dollar he takes out of his account.
If Johnny were to convert his 401k contribution to Roth contributions, he would owe income tax on the entire $100,000 this year. His account would continue to grow tax free as it would have otherwise.
But, when he begins taking withdrawals down the road, they won’t be taxable income to Johnny. Essentially, he would be paying his tax burden now instead of later.

Conversions can be appealing. You pay taxes on the account now, rather than in the future when you might be in a higher bracket. But the decision is not always so cut and dry. And since this is a question I get in my practice from time to time, I thought it’d help to share 5 circumstances where a Roth 401k conversion is a good idea.

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